Economics 230B
Theory of Public Goods and Externalities


Ted Bergstrom

Economics Department, UCSB

Welcome to the Economics 230B Website. If you are taking Econ 230B, please check this site regularly. I will use this site for posting announcements about class procedures. I will also occasionally update the syllabus and the class reading list.
 

Lecture notes optimized for web-viewing

These notes have been converted from a LaTeX book style manuscript to adobe acrobat pdf files formatted for convenient webviewing, using D.P. Story's AcroTeX macros which I highly recommend for posting technical material on the web.  The AcroTeX macros and detailed instructions about how to install and use
clearly readable fonts are found at the AcroTeX website.

[Announcements] [Reading List] [Lecture Notes for Printing]


Announcements
The main source of reading for this course will be a series of articles. Whenever possible, I will provide links from this website to electronic versions of these papers. For those papers that are not available electronically, I will try to arrange to get you photocopies. As the course progresses, I will also update my lecture notes up on the Web.
Each lecture includes a series of problems. You will be required to work them and turn them in.   I have no objections to your working together, but I will ask you to turn in acknowledge any help that you have had. 
We will sometimes discuss the answers in class, and  I will post answers for these problem sets after you have turned in your work.
Reading List, Fall 2000
 Introduction to Public Goods Theory
 Paul Samuelson, The Pure Theory of Public Expenditures, Review of Economics and Statistics, 36(4): 350-356, 1954

Paul Samuelson, Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure, Review of Economics and Statistics, 37(4):350-356, 1955

Paul Samuelson, Aspects of Public Expenditure Theories, Review of Economics and Statistics, 40(4):332-338, 1958

Erik Lindahl, Just Taxation--A Positive Solution, in Classics in the Theory of Public Finance, edited by R. Musgrave and A. Peacock

Theodore Bergstrom and Richard Cornes, Independence of Allocative Efficiency from Distribution in the Theory of Public Goods, Econometrica, 51(6):1753-1765, 1983

Lectures 1, 2, 3, and 4 from Bergstrom's Lecture Notes on Public Economics

Remarks on Readings in this section

The Lindahl article is a classic, written as a chapter in a book (in German) by the Swedish economist, Lindahl in 1919. It is short, modern in spirit, and a good thing to read. If you want to read more old classic articles by European public finance economists of the early 20th century, you can find them in the book "Classics in the Theory of Public Finance" from which this article is taken. The Samuelson papers are modern classics and everybody who studies public finance should read them.  The Bergstrom-Cornes paper is well-known to your instructor. 
 Externalities and the Coase Theorem
  Ronald Coase The Problem of Social Cost Journal of Law and Economics 3: pages 1-44 1960

 Urs Schweitzer, Externalities and the Coase Theorem: Hypothesis or Result?  Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 144:245-266, 1988

Garrett Hardin, The tragedy of the Commons, Science, 144:245-266, 1968

Theodore Bergstrom, Regulation of Externalities, Journal of Public Economics, 5:131-138, 1976

Richard Schmalensee, et. al., An Interim Evaluation of Sulphur Dioxide Emissions Trading, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(3):53-68, 1998

Lectures 5 and 6 from Bergstrom's Lectures on Public Economics

Remarks on Readings in this Section

The Coase article is another classic that every student of public finance should read.  Schweitzer's article presents a fine modern interpretation of Coase's ideas.  Schweizer's piece is also an excellent introduction to mechanism design theory. 
 

 Congestion Externalities
  William Vickrey, Pricing in Urban and Suburban Transport, American Economic Review, 52(2):,1963

William Vickrey, Congestion Theory and Transport Investment, American Economic Review, 59:251-260, 1969

Richard Arnott, Andrew de Palma, and Robin Lindsey, A Structural Model of Peak-Period Congestion: A Traffic Bottleneck with Elastic Demand, American Economic Review 83: pages161-179 1993 

Richard Arnott and Ken Small, The Economics of Traffic Congestion, American Scientist 82: pages 446-455, 1994.

Jam Today, Road Pricing Tomorrow The Economist, December 6, 1997

Hal Varian and Jeffrey Mackie-Mason Economics of the Internet, 1994 

Public goods theory has a lot to say about new economic problems that have arisen in the "information age." Several related papers and links can be found on Hal Varian's web page.

Remarks on Readings in this Section

I believe that the economics of congestion is a very promising area for further research. Two areas in which there are very important practical applications are traffic congestion and congestion on computer networks. In my opinion neither of these areas has received the attention from economists that is merited by its importance and interest. Both seems to me areas in which economic theory and econometrics are likely to be powerful tools.

Vickrey's papers are full of clever  insights. The papers by Arnott and his coauthors develop these ideas with skill and elegance.
 

 Introduction to Public Choice Theory and Voting
 H. Bowen, The Interpretation of Voting in the Allocation of Resources, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 58(1):27-48, 1943

Jonathan Levin and Barry Nalebuff,  An Introduction to Vote-Counting Schemes, Journal of Economic Perspectives,  9(1): 3-26, 1995

Hugo Sonnenschein, The Economics of Incentives: An Introductory Account, Nancy Schwartz Memorial Lecture, J. L. Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 1983 

Theodore Bergstrom, When Does Majority Rule Supply Public Goods Efficiently? Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 216-226, 1979

Arthur Denzau and Robert MacKay, Benefit Shares and Majority Voting, American Economic Review, 66(1):69-76, 1976

John Ledyard, The Pure Theory of Large Two Candidate Elections, Public Choice Vol. 44, (1984) pp. 7-41.

Timothy Feddersen and Wolfgang Pesendorfer, The Swing Voter's Curse, American Economic Review, 1996, vol 86, pp408-426

Tom Palfrey and Richard McKelvey An Experimental Study of Jury Decision Rule, Cal Tech working paper, 1997 

Andrew Caplin and Barry Nalebuff, On 64%-Majority Rule, Econometrica, Vol. 56, No. 4. (Jul., 1988), pp. 787-814.

Theodore Bergstrom and Robert Goodman, Private Demands for Public Goods,
American Economic Review,  Vol. 63, No. 3. (Jun., 1973), pp. 280-296.

Arye L. Hillman and John Riley,  Politically Contestable Rents and Transfers,  UCLA working paper, September, 1987

A good place to look for more discussion  and references on voting theory (and tips on ice-fishing technique and sauna etiquette) is     Don Saari's home page 
 

 Private Provision of Public Goods
 Theodore Bergstrom, Laurence Blume, and Hal Varian, Private Provision of Public Goods, Journal of Public Economics, 29:25-49 1986

James Andreoni and Theodore Bergstrom,  Do government subsidies increase the private supply of public goods?  Public Choice, 1997 (pdf file) (postscript file)

John Morgan Financing Public Goods by Means of Lotteries Working Paper, 1997

John Morgan Funding Public Goods with Lotteries: An Experiment Working Paper, 1998

Theodore Bergstrom, Puzzles: Love and Spaghetti, The Opportunity Cost of Virtue, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 2. (Spring, 1989), pp. 165-173.

Eduardo Ley, On the Private Provision of Public Goods, A Diagrammatic Approach, Investigaciones Economicas,  20(1): 691-704, 1996

 
 Public Goods in the Experimental Laboratory
John Ledyard, Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research in Kagel and Roth ed.Handbook of Experimental Economics Princeton University Press. 1993 

James Andreoni and John Miller, Analyzing Choice with Revealed Preference: Is Altruism Rational?, University of Wisconsin working paper, June 1998

James Andreoni and Rachel Croson Partners versus Strangers: The Effect of Random Rematching in Public Goods Experiment, University of Wisconsin working paper, June 1998 

Tom Palfrey and Jeffrey Prisbey, Anomalous Behavior in Public Goods Experiments, How Much and Why?, to appear, American Economic Review

 Public Goods with Distortionary Taxation
 Anthony B. Atkinson and Nicholas Stern. Pigou, taxation, and public goods. Review of Economic Studies 41:119--128, 1974.
 Edward Foster and Hugo Sonnenschein. Price Distortion and Economic Welfare Econometrica 38:281--297, 1970.
 Trout Rader. The Welfare Loss from Price Distortions Econometrica 44:6 1253--1257, 1976.

Theodore Bergstrom. Commentary on Rader and Foster-Sonnenschein in Economics with No Special Technology by Trout Rader, Input-Output Publishing Company pp 179-182

 Public Goods With Exclusion
 Minasian J,Television pricing and the theory of public goods. Journal of Law and Economics 71:71-80,1964.

Paul Samuelson.Public goods and subscription tv: Correction of the record. Journal of Law and Economics 71:81--84, 1964

William Oakland, Public Goods, Perfect Competition, and UnderproductionJournal of Political Economy, 82(5), 927-939, 1974

Geoffrey Brennan and Cliff Walsh, A Monopoly Model of Public Goods Provision: The Uniform Pricing Case The American Economic Review, 71(1):196-206,1981

Dagobert L. Brito, William H. Oakland, On the Monopolistic Provision of Excludable Public Goods The American Economic Review, 70(4):691-704, 1980

Michael E. Burns and Cliff Walsh, Market Provision of Price-excludable Public Goods: A General Analysis The Journal of Political Economy, 89(1):166-191, 1981

Michele Boldrin and David Levine,  Why Napster is right, web publication
 

 Preference Revelation Mechanisms

Theodore Groves and John Ledyard , Optimal Allocation of Public Goods: A Solution to the Free Rider Problem, Econometrica 45(4):783-809, May, 1977

Yan Chen and Charles Plott, The Groves-Ledyard Mechanism: An Experimental Study of Institutional Design",Journal of Public Economics 59:335-364, 1996
 
Lecture Notes
Lecture notes will be updated and improved as the course progresses. My plan is eventually to make them into a book. 

Lecture notes optimized for web-viewing

Lecture 1. An Introduction to Public Goods Adobe Acrobat file, Postscript file

Lecture 2. Private Goods and Public Goods Adobe Acrobat file, Postscript file

Lecture 3. Independence of Allocation and Distribution Adobe Acrobat file,   Postscript file

Lecture 4. Lindahl Equilibrium  Adobe Acrobat file      Postscript file

Lecture 5. Externalities   Adobe Acrobat file  Postscript file

Lecture 6. Law'n Economics  Adobe Acrobat file  Postscript file

Lecture 7. Congestion Postscript file
 
 

Answers to Problems

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Lecture 3

Lecture 4